Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Internet Addiction in College Students: Prevalence and Differential Associations
This paper presents an investigation that aims to: 1) explore the relations between core symptoms of adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorde.
- Pub. date: June 15, 2022
- Pages: 33-43
- 427 Downloads
- 644 Views
- 0 Citations
This paper presents an investigation that aims to: 1) explore the relations between core symptoms of adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and several typical Internet activities, and 2) compare the predictive power of two core symptoms of ADHD- inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity- in predicting Internet addiction. Methods: A total of 2016 Chinese college students participated in this study. The ADHD symptoms were assessed using Conners self-rating scales and DSM-5 semi-structured interviews. Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (SCID-5) was used to exclude other psychiatric disorders. Chen’s Internet addiction scale (CIAS) was used to evaluate Internet addiction. Information about Internet activities (e.g., online gaming) was collected through a self-constructed questionnaire. Results: The ratio of Internet addiction problems among individuals with ADHD symptoms is significantly higher than in ordinary individuals (48.9% vs. 14.3%). Further, each core ADHD symptom has unique relations with different types of Internet activities. Specifically, both core ADHD symptoms are negatively associated with information downloading and online learning, and positively associated with online gaming, while online shopping is only associated with hyperactivity/impulsivity. Furthermore, both core ADHD symptoms are significant predictors of Internet addiction, especially inattention. Conclusion: College students with ADHD symptoms are at a higher risk of having Internet addiction than peers without ADHD symptoms. For individuals with ADHD symptoms and excessive online gaming and/or online shopping behaviors, the probability of having Internet addiction is even higher. These findings have important implications for identifying risk factors of Internet addiction and preventing Internet addiction in Higher Education settings.
Keywords: ADHD, college students, Internet activities, Internet addiction.
0
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM5. American Psychiatry Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Milberger, S., Curtis, S., Chen, L., Marrs, A., Ouellette, C., Moore, P., & Spencer, T. (1996). Predictors of persistence and remission of ADHD into adolescence: Results from a four-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(3), 343-351. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199603000-00016
Campez, M., Raiker, J. S., Sarver, D. E., Friedman, L. M., Orban, S. A., & Rapport, M. D. (2020). Working memory capacity and ADHD symptoms in boys: Examining the heterogeneity of working memory functioning using latent profile analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 42(3), 450-463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-019-09762-x
Chen, S. H., Weng, L. J., Su, Y. J., Wu, H. M., & Yang, P. F. (2003). Development of a Chinese internet addiction scale and its psychometric study. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 45, 279-94. https://bit.ly/37uZ7Mw
Chen, Y. Z., Wen, F. Q., Zhou, K. Y., Yang, C. H., Zhang, W., & Lo, N. (2010). Clinical features of various subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorders in children. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 12(09), 704-708. https://bit.ly/3jjfKgs
Choi, D., & Kim, J. (2004). Why people continue to play online games: In search of critical design factors to increase customer loyalty to online contents. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 7(1), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493104322820066
Chou, W. J., Liu, T. L., Yang, P., Yen, C. F., & Hu, H. F. (2015). Multi-dimensional correlates of internet addiction symptoms in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Research, 225(1-2), 122-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.003
Christiansen, H., Kis, B., Hirsch, O., Matthies, S., Hebebrand, J., Uekermann, J., Abdel-Hamid, M., Kraemer, M., Wiltfang, J., Graf, E., Colla, M., Sobanski, E., Alm, B., Rösler, M., Jacob, C., Jans, T., Huss, M., Schimmelmann, B. G., & Philipsen A. (2012). German validation of the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) Ⅱ: Reliability, validity, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. European Psychiatry, 27(5), 321-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.12.010
Conners, C. K., Erhardt, D., Epstein, J. N., Parker, J. D. A., Sitarenios, G., & Sparrow, E. (1999). Self-ratings of ADHD symptoms in adults I: factor structure and normative data. Journal of Attention Disorders, 3(3), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/108705479900300303
Dalbudak, E., Evren, C., Aldemir, S., Taymur, I., Evren, B., & Topcu, M. (2015). The impact of sensation seeking on the relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and severity of internet addiction risk. Psychiatry Research, 228(1), 156-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.035
Ding, Q., Li, D., Zhou, Y., Dong, H., & Luo, J. (2017). Perceived parental monitoring and adolescent internet addiction: A moderated mediation model. Addictive Behaviors, 74, 48-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.033
Dockstader, C., Gaetz, W., Cheyne, D., & Tannock, R. (2009). Abnormal neural reactivity to unpredictable sensory events in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 66(4), 376-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.010
Ek, U., Westerlund, J., Holmberg, K., & Fernell, E. (2011). Academic performance of adolescents with ADHD and other behavioural and learning problems—a population‐based longitudinal study. Acta Paediatrica, 100(3), 402-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02048.x
Evren, B., Evren, C., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., & Kutlu, N. (2018). Relationship of internet addiction severity with probable ADHD and difficulties in emotion regulation among young adults. Psychiatry Research, 269, 494-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.112
First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (clinician version) SCID-I administration booklet. American Psychiatric Association.
He, M., Zhang, W., & Song, H. Y. (2012). Inhibition defects and aversive delay in ADHD: An explanation from the two-channel model. Psychological Science, 4, 252-256. https://bit.ly/3uVMnX8
Hull, D. C., Williams, G. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2013). Video game characteristics, happiness and flow as predictors of addiction among video game players: A pilot study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(3), 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.2.2013.005
Ji, W. B., & Tao, R. (2014). Status and influence of Internet addiction in children and adolescents. Chinese Journal of Practical Pediatrics, 7, 501-505. https://bit.ly/3NW0NPR
Kim, D., Lee, D., Lee, J., Namkoong, K., & Jung, Y. C. (2017). Association between childhood and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in Korean young adults with Internet addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(3), 345-353. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.044
Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Yen, C. N., Yen, J. Y., Chen, C. C., & Chen, S. H. (2005). Screening for Internet addiction: An empirical study on cut‐off points for the Chen Internet Addiction Scale. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 21(12), 545-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1607-551X(09)70206-2
Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Chen, C. S., Chen, C. C., & Yen, C. F. (2008). Psychiatric comorbidity of internet addiction in college students: An interview study. CNS Spectrums: The International Journal of Neuropsychiatric Medicine, 13(2), 147-53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900016308
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online social networking and addiction—a review of the psychological literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(12), 3528-3552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8093528
Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D., & Binder, J. F. (2013). Internet addiction in students: Prevalence and risk factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 959-966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.024
Kwak, Y. S., Jung, Y. E., & Kim, M. D. (2015). Prevalence and correlates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in Korean college students. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 797-802. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S80785
Leung, L. (2008). Linking psychological attributes to addiction and improper use of the mobile phone among adolescents in Hong Kong. Journal of Children and Media, 2(2), 93-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482790802078565
Li, W., Zhang, W., Xiao, L., & Nie, J. (2016). The association of Internet addiction symptoms with impulsiveness, loneliness, novelty seeking and behavioral inhibition system among adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychiatry Research, 243, 357-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.020
Liang, D. H., Shi, X. Z., Wang, F. Z., Kan, Z. Y., Zhao, M. Z., & Zhao, C. L. (2006). Study on influential factors of Internet addiction disorder among college students. Journal of Shenyang Medical College, 8(2), 163-165. https://www.doc88.com/p-7354261559424.html?r=1
Maheri, A., Tol, A., & Sadeghi, R. (2017). Assessing the effect of an educational intervention program based on Health Belief Model on preventive behaviors of internet addiction. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 6, 63.
Mak, C., Tan, K. K., & Guo, S. (2018). ADHD symptoms in pathological and problem gamblers in Singapore. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071307
Matthies, S., & Philipsen, A. (2016). Comorbidity of personality disorders and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)—Review of recent findings. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(4), 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0675-4
Miranda, A., Colomer, C., Mercader, J., Fernández, M. I., & Presentación, M. J. (2015). Performance-based tests versus behavioral ratings in the assessment of executive functioning in preschoolers: Associations with ADHD symptoms and reading achievement. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 545. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00545
Montag, C., Jurkiewicz, M., & Reuter, M. (2010). Low self-directedness is a better predictor for problematic internet use than high neuroticism. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1531-1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.021
Niemz, K., Griffiths, M., & Banyard, P. (2005). Prevalence of pathological Internet use among university students and correlations with self-esteem, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and disinhibition. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 8(6), 562-570. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.562
Panagiotidi, M., & Overton, P. (2018). The relationship between internet addiction, attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and online activities in adults. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.08.004
Panagiotidi, M., Overton, P. G., & Stafford, T. (2018). The relationship between ADHD traits and sensory sensitivity in the general population. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 80, 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.10.008
Plichta, M. M., Vasic, N., Wolf, R. C., Lesch, K. P., Brummer, D., Jacob, C., Fallgatter, A. G., & Grön, G. (2009). Neural hyporesponsiveness and hyperresponsiveness during immediate and delayed reward processing in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 65(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.07.008
Rose, S., & Dhandayudham, A. (2014). Towards an understanding of Internet-based problem shopping behaviour: The concept of online shopping addiction and its proposed predictors. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(2), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.3.2014.003
Servidio, R. (2014). Exploring the effects of demographic factors, Internet usage and personality traits on Internet addiction in a sample of Italian university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.024
Sonuga‐Barke, E. J., Taylor, E., Sembi, S., & Smith, J. (1992). Hyperactivity and delay aversion—I. The effect of delay on choice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33(2), 387-398. https://doi-org.ucl.80599.net/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00874.x
Stavropoulos, V., Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D., Wilson, P., & Motti-Stefanidi, F. (2017). MMORPG gaming and hostility predict Internet addiction symptoms in adolescents: An empirical multilevel longitudinal study. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 294-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(99)00049-7
Teo, T. S. (2001). Demographic and motivation variables associated with Internet usage activities. Internet Research, 11(2), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240110695089
Wan, C. S., & Chiou, W. B. (2006). Psychological motives and online games addiction: A test of flow theory and humanistic needs theory for Taiwanese adolescents. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 9(3), 317-324. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.317
Xu, J. T., Jiang, C., Gao, Y., Liu, Q. G., Jia, S. H., & Zhou, L. (2011). The research of DSM-IV SCID in psychological autopsy. Journal of International Psychiatry, 38(4), 201-204.
Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Wu, H. Y., & Yang, M. J. (2007). The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of Internet addiction: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(1), 93-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.02.002
Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., Tang, T. C., & Ko, C. H. (2009). The association between adult ADHD symptoms and internet addiction among college students: The gender difference. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 187-191. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0113
Zhang, W., Zhou, B. P., He, M., Deng, H. C., & Li, W. D. (2016) The language processing and response inhibition in children with reading disability and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Psychological Science, 39, 893-899. https://bit.ly/3uZOtp0
Zhang, Z. S., & Li, F. H. (2011). An investigation on the status quo of university Students' Internet addiction. Teacher Education Research, 23, 44-48. https://bit.ly/3xbAuzc